{"id":1949,"date":"2024-01-24T09:56:25","date_gmt":"2024-01-24T08:56:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/?page_id=1949"},"modified":"2026-03-08T11:04:09","modified_gmt":"2026-03-08T10:04:09","slug":"linie-obrony","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/kulturerbe-festungsmonumente\/geschichte-des-festungsbaus\/festungen-des-20-jahrhunderts\/verteidigungslinien\/","title":{"rendered":"Linie obrony"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center eplus-wrapper is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex eplus-styles-uid-5e054f\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center eplus-wrapper is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:20%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized eplus-wrapper\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"49\" src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/wwline.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1920\" style=\"width:105px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/wwline.png 100w, https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/wwline-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center eplus-wrapper is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:90%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-custom-farbe-1-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size eplus-wrapper wp-elements-5d58e8a173fb38d5a318fcfa630e7989\">Linie obrony pierwszej i drugiej wojny \u015bwiatowej w Europie<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size eplus-wrapper\">W okresie mi\u0119dzy dwiema wojnami \u015bwiatowymi we wszystkich g\u0142\u00f3wnych krajach europejskich rozpocz\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 prawdziwy boom budowlany fortyfikacji, kt\u00f3re wydawa\u0142y si\u0119 niezb\u0119dne do zabezpieczenia strategicznie wa\u017cnych odcink\u00f3w granic poszczeg\u00f3lnych kraj\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper translation-block\">Obejmuje to r\u00f3wnie\u017c <strong>Lini\u0119 Maginota<\/strong> na wschodnich granicach Francji, kt\u00f3ra zosta\u0142a zbudowana w celu ochrony przed atakiem Rzeszy Niemieckiej i jej sojusznik\u00f3w. Jej pozosta\u0142o\u015bci, bunkry, okopy, wie\u017ce pancerne i sie\u0107 logistyczna pozostaj\u0105 jako monstrualne i fascynuj\u0105ce pomniki w krajobrazie, przypominaj\u0105c nam o wojennej przesz\u0142o\u015bci Europy, na przyk\u0142ad w Alzacji.<\/p>\n\n\n<div  class=\"ultp-post-grid-block wp-block-ultimate-post-post-grid-1 ultp-block-dc74f9\"><div class=\"ultp-block-wrapper\"><div class=\"ultp-loading\"><div class=\"ultp-loading-blocks\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;\"><div style=\"left: 0;top: 0;animation-delay:0s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 21px;top: 0;animation-delay:0.125s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 42px;top: 0;animation-delay:0.25s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 0;top: 21px;animation-delay:0.875s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 42px;top: 21px;animation-delay:0.375s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 0;top: 42px;animation-delay:0.75s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 42px;top: 42px;animation-delay:0.625s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 21px;top: 42px;animation-delay:0.5s;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-heading-filter\"><div class=\"ultp-heading-filter-in\"><div class=\"ultp-heading-wrap ultp-heading-style1 ultp-heading-left\"><h4 class=\"ultp-heading-inner\"><span>Odkryj Lini\u0119 Maginota z FORTE CULTURA<\/span><\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-items-wrap ultp-block-row ultp-pg1a-style1 ultp-grid1-responsive ultp-block-column-4 1 ultp-xs-column-1 ultp-layout1\"><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-1674\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/walbourg-fr\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Walbourg (FR)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2MCLADN-Museum-Walbourg-870x570.png\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/walbourg-fr\/\" >Walbourg (FR)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-995\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/schoenenbourg-fr\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Schoenenbourg (FR)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Schoenenbourg_1-870x570.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/schoenenbourg-fr\/\" >Schoenenbourg (FR)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-890\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/lembach-fr\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Lembach (FR)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fort-a-Chaux_Lembach_\u00a9SILE-870x570.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/lembach-fr\/\" >Lembach (FR)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-690\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/haguenau-fr\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Haguenau (FR)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Musee-de-lAbri-Hatten\u00a9ADT-C.FLEITH_1-870x570.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/haguenau-fr\/\" >Haguenau (FR)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"pagination-block-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator aligncenter has-text-color has-custom-farbe-1-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-custom-farbe-1-background-color has-background eplus-wrapper\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper\">Inne linie obrony z tej epoki to:<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-b2139b\"><li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/tag\/westwall\/\" data-type=\"post_tag\" data-id=\"415\">\u015aciana P\u0142aczu<\/a>na zachodniej granicy dawnej Rzeszy Niemieckiej,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/tag\/maginot-linie\/\" data-type=\"post_tag\" data-id=\"49\">Linia Maginota<\/a>w celu zabezpieczenia granicy niemiecko-francuskiej we Francji. granica we Francji,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Pommernwall i Oder-Warthe-Bogen, na wschodniej granicy by\u0142ej Rzeszy Niemieckiej,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Wa\u0142 Atlantycki, od Norwegii do Francji wzd\u0142u\u017c p\u00f3\u0142nocnych granic<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Linia Metaxasa w Grecji,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Wa\u0142 czechos\u0142owacki w by\u0142ej Czechos\u0142owacji,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Linia Mo\u0142otowa we wschodniej Polsce, okupowanej przez Zwi\u0105zek Radziecki w 1939 roku,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Sk\u00e5ne Line w Szwecji,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Linia Rupnik w Jugos\u0142awii,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Vallo-Alpino we W\u0142oszech,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Linia Arpad w Ukrainie.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper\">Wszystkie te struktury mia\u0142y s\u0142u\u017cy\u0107 jako \u015brodek odstraszaj\u0105cy przed nowymi atakami i wojnami lub zabezpiecza\u0107 podbite terytoria. Jednak dalszy rozw\u00f3j technologii uzbrojenia i nowoczesna taktyka ataku zmotoryzowanych armii sprawi\u0142y, \u017ce nieruchome pozycje stawa\u0142y si\u0119 coraz mniej skuteczne i mo\u017cna je by\u0142o \u0142atwo obej\u015b\u0107.<\/p>\n\n\n<div  class=\"ultp-post-grid-block wp-block-ultimate-post-post-grid-1 ultp-block-b2925a\"><div class=\"ultp-block-wrapper\"><div class=\"ultp-loading\"><div class=\"ultp-loading-blocks\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;\"><div style=\"left: 0;top: 0;animation-delay:0s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 21px;top: 0;animation-delay:0.125s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 42px;top: 0;animation-delay:0.25s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 0;top: 21px;animation-delay:0.875s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 42px;top: 21px;animation-delay:0.375s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 0;top: 42px;animation-delay:0.75s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 42px;top: 42px;animation-delay:0.625s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 21px;top: 42px;animation-delay:0.5s;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-heading-filter\"><div class=\"ultp-heading-filter-in\"><div class=\"ultp-heading-wrap ultp-heading-style1 ultp-heading-left\"><h4 class=\"ultp-heading-inner\"><span>Odkryj Westwall z FORTE CULTURA<\/span><\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-items-wrap ultp-block-row ultp-pg1a-style1 ultp-grid1-responsive ultp-block-column-4 1 ultp-xs-column-1 ultp-layout1\"><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-2216\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/westwall-radtour\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Wycieczka rowerowa Westwall\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ein-Mann-Bunker_klein.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/westwall-radtour\/\" >Wycieczka rowerowa Westwall<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-1656\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/neuried-altenheimde\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Neuried Altenheim (DE)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Emilie-870x570.png\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/neuried-altenheimde\/\" >Neuried Altenheim (DE)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-1647\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/hornisgrinde-de\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Hornisgrinde (DE)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Hornisgrinde-870x570.png\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/hornisgrinde-de\/\" >Hornisgrinde (DE)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-1636\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/kehl-neumuehl-de\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Kehl-Neum\u00fchl (DE)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Neumuehl-870x570.png\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/kehl-neumuehl-de\/\" >Kehl-Neum\u00fchl (DE)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-1623\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/dettenheim-russheim-de\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Dettenheim-Ru\u00dfheim (DE)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dettenheim-870x570.png\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/dettenheim-russheim-de\/\" >Dettenheim-Ru\u00dfheim (DE)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"pagination-block-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper\">Opr\u00f3cz linii czysto obronnych, takich jak Wa\u0142 Atlantycki i Wa\u0142 Po\u0142udniowy, budowano coraz wi\u0119cej bunkr\u00f3w dla cywilnej obrony przeciwlotniczej, bunkrowanych obiekt\u00f3w zbrojeniowych i wojskowych bunkr\u00f3w dowodzenia. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper\">Liczne budynki z tego okresu nadal stoj\u0105 w ca\u0142ej Europie jako kamienne przypomnienie tej fatalnej epoki.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator aligncenter has-text-color has-custom-farbe-1-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-custom-farbe-1-background-color has-background eplus-wrapper\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"\/>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center eplus-wrapper is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex eplus-styles-uid-50bd58\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center eplus-wrapper is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:20%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized eplus-wrapper\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1392\" height=\"100\" src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/iron.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1911\" style=\"width:105px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/iron.png 1392w, https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/iron-300x22.png 300w, https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/iron-1024x74.png 1024w, https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/iron-768x55.png 768w, https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/iron-18x1.png 18w, https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/iron-200x14.png 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1392px) 100vw, 1392px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center eplus-wrapper is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:90%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-custom-farbe-1-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size eplus-wrapper wp-elements-d16936b7dee38912ee43048d940bd988\">Linie obrony zimnej wojny w Europie<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper\">Po zako\u0144czeniu II wojny \u015bwiatowej narodowe linie obrony, kt\u00f3re zosta\u0142y ustanowione w ca\u0142ej Europie do 1945 roku, by\u0142y teraz coraz bardziej rozszerzane jako wsp\u00f3lne zadanie zjednoczonych pa\u0144stw zachodniego demokratycznego i wschodniego hierarchicznie zorganizowanego \u015bwiata podczas intensyfikacji zimnej wojny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper\">Wraz z bunkrami dowodzenia i obrony oraz arsena\u0142ami nuklearnymi zbudowanymi w g\u0142\u0119bi l\u0105du, zapewni\u0142o to pok\u00f3j na p\u00f3\u0142kuli p\u00f3\u0142nocnej na nast\u0119pne 50 lat. The <strong>\u201e\u017belazna kurtyna\u201c<\/strong> rozci\u0105ga\u0142 si\u0119 z p\u00f3\u0142nocy na po\u0142udnie Europy i wyznacza\u0142 lini\u0119 demarkacyjn\u0105 mi\u0119dzy mocarstwami zachodnimi a blokiem wschodnim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Verteidigungslinien des Ersten und Zweiten Weltkrieges in Europa In der Zeit zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen setzte in allen gro\u00dfen Staaten Europas ein regelrechter Bauboom von befestigten Anlagen ein, die zur [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1951,"parent":1892,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_plus_copied_stylings":"{}","pgc_sgb_lightbox_settings":"","_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1949","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1949","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1949"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1949\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1892"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1951"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1949"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}