{"id":1949,"date":"2024-01-24T09:56:25","date_gmt":"2024-01-24T08:56:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/?page_id=1949"},"modified":"2026-03-08T11:04:09","modified_gmt":"2026-03-08T10:04:09","slug":"defence-lines-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/evolution-des-festungsbaus-von-bastionen-zu-bunkern\/geschichte-des-festungsbaus\/festungen-des-20-jahrhunderts\/verteidigungslinien\/","title":{"rendered":"Lines of defence"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center eplus-wrapper is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3a88641f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex eplus-styles-uid-5e054f\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center eplus-wrapper is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:20%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized eplus-wrapper\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"100\" height=\"49\" src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/wwline.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1920\" style=\"width:105px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/wwline.png 100w, https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/wwline-18x9.png 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 100px) 100vw, 100px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center eplus-wrapper is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:90%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-custom-farbe-1-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size eplus-wrapper wp-elements-5d58e8a173fb38d5a318fcfa630e7989\">Defensive lines of the 1st and 2nd World War in Europe<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">In the period between the two world wars, a veritable construction boom of fortified facilities commenced in all major European countries, which appeared to be necessary to secure strategically important sections of the respective state borders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph translation-block\">This includes the <b>Maginot-Linie<\/b> on the eastern fringes of France, which was built to protect against an attack by the German Reich and its allies. Its remnants, bunkers, ditches, armored turrets and logistics network remain as monstrous, but in their gigantomania quite fascinating memorials in the landscape, and remind the warlike past of Europe, e.g. at the \"Friends of the Maginot Line in Alsace\".<\/p>\n\n\n<div  class=\"ultp-post-grid-block wp-block-ultimate-post-post-grid-1 ultp-block-dc74f9\"><div class=\"ultp-block-wrapper\"><div class=\"ultp-loading\"><div class=\"ultp-loading-blocks\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;\"><div style=\"left: 0;top: 0;animation-delay:0s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 21px;top: 0;animation-delay:0.125s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 42px;top: 0;animation-delay:0.25s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 0;top: 21px;animation-delay:0.875s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 42px;top: 21px;animation-delay:0.375s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 0;top: 42px;animation-delay:0.75s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 42px;top: 42px;animation-delay:0.625s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 21px;top: 42px;animation-delay:0.5s;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-heading-filter\"><div class=\"ultp-heading-filter-in\"><div class=\"ultp-heading-wrap ultp-heading-style1 ultp-heading-left\"><h4 class=\"ultp-heading-inner\"><span>Discover the Maginot Line with FORTE CULTURA<\/span><\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-items-wrap ultp-block-row ultp-pg1a-style1 ultp-grid1-responsive ultp-block-column-4 1 ultp-xs-column-1 ultp-layout1\"><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-1674\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/walbourg-fr\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Walbourg (FR)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2MCLADN-Museum-Walbourg-870x570.png\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/walbourg-fr\/\" >Walbourg (FR)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-995\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/schoenenbourg-fr\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Schoenenbourg (FR)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Schoenenbourg_1-870x570.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/schoenenbourg-fr\/\" >Schoenenbourg (FR)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-890\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/lembach-fr\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Lembach (FR)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fort-a-Chaux_Lembach_\u00a9SILE-870x570.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/lembach-fr\/\" >Lembach (FR)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-690\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/haguenau-fr\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Haguenau (FR)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Musee-de-lAbri-Hatten\u00a9ADT-C.FLEITH_1-870x570.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/haguenau-fr\/\" >Haguenau (FR)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"pagination-block-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator aligncenter has-text-color has-custom-farbe-1-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-custom-farbe-1-background-color has-background eplus-wrapper\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Other defense lines of this era are:<\/p>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-b2139b\"><li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/tag\/westwall\/\" data-type=\"post_tag\" data-id=\"415\">West Wall (Sigfried Line)<\/a>,, on the western border of the former German Reich,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/tag\/maginot-linie\/\" data-type=\"post_tag\" data-id=\"49\">Maginot Line<\/a>, to secure the German\/French border in France. border in France,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Pommernwall and Oder-Warthe-Bogen, on the eastern border of the former German Reich,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Atlantic Wall, from Norway to France along the northern borders<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Ligne Metaxas en Gr\u00e8ce,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Czechoslovakian rampart in the former Czechoslovakia,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Molotov Line in eastern Poland, occupied by the Soviet Union in 1939,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Sk\u00e5ne Line in Sweden,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Rupnik line in Yugoslavia,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Vallo-Alpino in Italien,<\/li>\n\n<li class=\"eplus-wrapper eplus-styles-uid-1ceed8\">Arpad line in the Ukraine.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">All of these structures were intended to serve as a deterrent against new attacks and wars or to secure conquered territories. However, the further development of weapon technologies and modern attack tactics of motorised armies made immobile positions increasingly ineffective and they could be easily circumvented.<\/p>\n\n\n<div  class=\"ultp-post-grid-block wp-block-ultimate-post-post-grid-1 ultp-block-b2925a\"><div class=\"ultp-block-wrapper\"><div class=\"ultp-loading\"><div class=\"ultp-loading-blocks\" style=\"width:100%;height:100%;\"><div style=\"left: 0;top: 0;animation-delay:0s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 21px;top: 0;animation-delay:0.125s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 42px;top: 0;animation-delay:0.25s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 0;top: 21px;animation-delay:0.875s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 42px;top: 21px;animation-delay:0.375s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 0;top: 42px;animation-delay:0.75s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 42px;top: 42px;animation-delay:0.625s;\"><\/div><div style=\"left: 21px;top: 42px;animation-delay:0.5s;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-heading-filter\"><div class=\"ultp-heading-filter-in\"><div class=\"ultp-heading-wrap ultp-heading-style1 ultp-heading-left\"><h4 class=\"ultp-heading-inner\"><span>Discover the Westwall with FORTE CULTURA<\/span><\/h4><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-items-wrap ultp-block-row ultp-pg1a-style1 ultp-grid1-responsive ultp-block-column-4 1 ultp-xs-column-1 ultp-layout1\"><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-2216\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/westwall-radtour\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"West Wall cycle tour\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Ein-Mann-Bunker_klein.jpg\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/westwall-radtour\/\" >West Wall cycle tour<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-1656\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/neuried-altenheimde\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Neuried Altenheim (DE)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Emilie-870x570.png\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/neuried-altenheimde\/\" >Neuried Altenheim (DE)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-1647\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/hornisgrinde-de\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Hornisgrinde (DE)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Hornisgrinde-870x570.png\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/hornisgrinde-de\/\" >Hornisgrinde (DE)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-1636\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/kehl-neumuehl-de\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Kehl-Neum\u00fchl (DE)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Neumuehl-870x570.png\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/kehl-neumuehl-de\/\" >Kehl-Neum\u00fchl (DE)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-item post-id-1623\"><div class=\"ultp-block-content-wrap\"><div class=\"ultp-block-image ultp-block-image-opacity\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/dettenheim-russheim-de\/\" ><img decoding=\"async\"  class=\"ultp-block-image-content\"  alt=\"Dettenheim-Ru\u00dfheim (DE)\"  src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dettenheim-870x570.png\" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"ultp-block-content\"><h3 class=\"ultp-block-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/dettenheim-russheim-de\/\" >Dettenheim-Ru\u00dfheim (DE)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"pagination-block-html\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to purely defensive lines such as the Atlantic Wall and the South Wall, more and more bunkers were built for civilian air defence, bunkered armaments facilities and military command bunkers. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Numerous buildings from this period still remind througout Europe as a stone testimonies to this fateful epoch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"is-style-wide wp-block-separator aligncenter has-text-color has-custom-farbe-1-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-custom-farbe-1-background-color has-background eplus-wrapper\" style=\"margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)\"\/>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center eplus-wrapper is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3a88641f wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex eplus-styles-uid-50bd58\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center eplus-wrapper is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:20%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized eplus-wrapper\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1392\" height=\"100\" src=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/iron.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1911\" style=\"width:105px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/iron.png 1392w, https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/iron-300x22.png 300w, https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/iron-1024x74.png 1024w, https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/iron-768x55.png 768w, https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/iron-18x1.png 18w, https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/iron-200x14.png 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1392px) 100vw, 1392px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center eplus-wrapper is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:90%\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-custom-farbe-1-color has-text-color has-link-color has-large-font-size eplus-wrapper wp-elements-d16936b7dee38912ee43048d940bd988\">Defensive lines of the Cold War in Europe<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">The national defense lines built across Europe until 1945 were expanded after the end of the Second World War in the time of the escalation of the Cold War as a joint task by the merged states of the Western-democratic and the Eastern-hierarchical world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\">Together with the command and defence bunkers and nuclear arsenals built in the hinterland, this ensured peace in the northern hemisphere for the next 50 years or so. The <strong>\u201eIron Curtain\u201c<\/strong> stretched from north to south across Europe and marked the demarcation line between the Western powers and the Eastern Bloc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"eplus-wrapper wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Verteidigungslinien des Ersten und Zweiten Weltkrieges in Europa In der Zeit zwischen den beiden Weltkriegen setzte in allen gro\u00dfen Staaten Europas ein regelrechter Bauboom von befestigten Anlagen ein, die zur [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1951,"parent":1892,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_plus_copied_stylings":"{}","pgc_sgb_lightbox_settings":"","_price":"","_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_header":"","_tribe_default_ticket_provider":"","_tribe_ticket_capacity":"0","_ticket_start_date":"","_ticket_end_date":"","_tribe_ticket_show_description":"","_tribe_ticket_show_not_going":false,"_tribe_ticket_use_global_stock":"","_tribe_ticket_global_stock_level":"","_global_stock_mode":"","_global_stock_cap":"","_tribe_rsvp_for_event":"","_tribe_ticket_going_count":"","_tribe_ticket_not_going_count":"","_tribe_tickets_list":"[]","_tribe_ticket_has_attendee_info_fields":false,"_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1949","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1949","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1949"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1949\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1892"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1951"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1949"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}