{"id":1993,"date":"2024-01-24T12:11:53","date_gmt":"2024-01-24T11:11:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/?page_id=1993"},"modified":"2025-11-22T13:14:41","modified_gmt":"2025-11-22T12:14:41","slug":"opevnene-mesto","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/forte-cultura.com\/cs\/evolution-des-festungsbaus-von-bastionen-zu-bunkern\/geschichte-des-festungsbaus\/festungsbau-vom-15-19-jahrhundert\/befestigte-stadt\/","title":{"rendered":"Pevnostn\u00ed m\u011bsto"},"content":{"rendered":"

Bastiony nahrazuj\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 hradby<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n
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M\u011bsto obklopen\u00e9 novov\u011bk\u00fdmi opevn\u011bn\u00edmi nepravideln\u00e9 geometrie.
P\u0159\u00edklad tituln\u00ed fotografie: Pevnostn\u00ed m\u011bsto B\u00fcdingen (DE)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Po stalet\u00ed platilo, \u017ee vysok\u00e9 m\u011bstsk\u00e9 hradby p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed nejlep\u0161\u00ed ochranu p\u0159ed jak\u00fdmkoli \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkem. \u010cern\u00fd prach a d\u011bla v\u0161ak od 15. stolet\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u011b zm\u011bnily architekturu tradi\u010dn\u00edch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch opevn\u011bn\u00ed. D\u011bla vy\u017eadovala vyv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 a opevn\u011bn\u00e9 pozice, voln\u00e9 palebn\u00e9 \u00fahly a dostatek prostoru pro obsluhu. V\u011b\u017ee byly redukov\u00e1ny na ba\u0161ty, strm\u00e9 zdi nahradily m\u00edrn\u011b stoupaj\u00edc\u00ed zemn\u00ed valy a d\u011bla, hroziv\u011b a z d\u00e1lky viditeln\u00e1, ohla\u0161ovala novou obranyschopnost mnoha evropsk\u00fdch m\u011bst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00edky sv\u00e9 ba\u0161tov\u00e9 pevnosti, jej\u00ed\u017e v\u00fdstavba byla zah\u00e1jena v roce 1533 ve Veron\u011b<\/strong>, je italsk\u00fd stavitel Sanmicheli<\/strong> pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jednoho z jej\u00edch vyn\u00e1lezc\u016f. M\u011bsta obklopoval souvisl\u00fd \u0159et\u011bz mnoho\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00fdch staveb, \u010dasto nav\u00edc chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch p\u0159ed nimi vykopan\u00fdmi vodn\u00edmi p\u0159\u00edkopy. Obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b p\u016fsobiv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady najdeme v It\u00e1lii, nap\u0159\u00edklad Bergamo, Padua, Urbino, Treviso nebo Piacenza<\/strong>, a tak\u00e9 pod\u00e9l \u0161pan\u011blsko-portugalsk\u00e9 hranice, nap\u0159\u00edklad Almeida, Valenca, Moncao, Badajoz, Olivenza nebo Elvas.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I Vatik\u00e1n<\/strong>, v sou\u010dasnosti nejmen\u0161\u00ed uzn\u00e1van\u00fd st\u00e1t na sv\u011bt\u011b, je m\u011bstsk\u00e1 pevnost. Bastionn\u00ed pevnost m\u011bsta Dr\u00e1\u017e\u010fany, jej\u00ed\u017e v\u00fdstavba byla zah\u00e1jena v roce 1546, je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za vzor modern\u00edho pevnostn\u00edho stavitelstv\u00ed v N\u011bmecku. Pevnostn\u00ed m\u011bsto Germersheim (DE) <\/strong>pat\u0159\u00ed se sv\u00fdmi dob\u0159e zachoval\u00fdmi stavbami k nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ve sv\u00e9 kategorii. Pevnostn\u00ed m\u011bsto Diest (BE)<\/strong> bylo teprve v \u201edlouh\u00e9m\u201c 19. stolet\u00ed vybaveno modern\u00edm m\u011bstsk\u00fdm opevn\u011bn\u00edm a impozantn\u00ed citadelou, aby chr\u00e1nilo tehdy je\u0161t\u011b mlad\u00e9 nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 Belgie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0159icetilet\u00e1 v\u00e1lka (1618\u20131648) dramaticky urychlila v\u00fdstavbu ba\u0161tov\u00fdch pevnost\u00ed. Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, kn\u00ed\u017eata a kardin\u00e1lov\u00e9 mezi sebou soupe\u0159ili o zabezpe\u010den\u00ed sv\u00fdch majetk\u016f. \u010c\u00edm bohat\u0161\u00ed bylo m\u011bsto, t\u00edm mohutn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byla pevnost. Pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u00edky sv\u00e9mu bohatstv\u00ed tak V\u00edde\u0148 dok\u00e1zala dvakr\u00e1t odolat tureck\u00e9mu obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u011bt\u0161ina evropsk\u00fdch m\u011bst m\u00e1 dodnes ve sv\u00e9m p\u016fdorysu zachov\u00e1ny stopy sv\u00fdch n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00edch ba\u0161tov\u00fdch pevnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K rozkv\u011btu m\u011bstsk\u00e9 pevnosti p\u0159isp\u011bl francouzsk\u00fd mar\u0161\u00e1l Vauban, kter\u00fd t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem opevnil pro sv\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Ludv\u00edka XIV. v\u00edce ne\u017e 38 obc\u00ed a m\u011bst.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Objevujte m\u011bsta, kter\u00e1 se p\u0159ipojila k iniciativ\u011b FORTE CULTURA<\/h4>\n\n\n\n
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\"\u2019s-Hertogenbosch<\/a><\/div>

\u2019s-Hertogenbosch (NL)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\"Bergen<\/a><\/div>

Bergen op Zoom (NL)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\"Geertruidenberg<\/a><\/div>

Geertruidenberg (NL)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\"Ravenstein<\/a><\/div>

Ravenstein (Nizozemsko)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\"Ziegenhain<\/a><\/div>

Ziegenhain (N\u011bmecko)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\"Wei\u00dfenbursk\u00e1<\/a><\/div>

Germersheim (N\u011bmecko)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\"Pevnostn\u00ed<\/a><\/div>

B\u00fcdingen (N\u011bmecko)<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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Na\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 se mapa pro cestovatele...
Pokud se v\u00e1m toto zobraz\u00ed a\u017e po \u00fapln\u00e9m na\u010dten\u00ed str\u00e1nky, chyb\u00ed soubory LeafletJS.<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Stavba pevnost\u00ed od 15. do 19. stolet\u00ed<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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